Looking at the data sheet for your computer:
http://www.lenovo.com/shop/americas/content/pdf/system_data/t520_tech_specs.pdf
It covers three variants:
1. ThinkPad® T520 4243 (Onsite)
2. ThinkPad® T520 4243 (Optimus) - Onsite
3. ThinkPad® T520i 4239 (TopSeller)
All three say:
Memory
8GB max7 / PC3-10600 1333MHz DDR3, non-parity,
dual-channel capable, two 204-pin SO-DIMM sockets
See footnotes for more detailed information
I can't find the footnotes.
It appears that you have exceeded the manufacturer's specifications.
Why do you believe installing two 8 GB memory modules will work in this
computer?
What operating system are you running?
Have you installed any software other than official Debian binary packages?
Some ideas:
1. Put identifying marks/ sequential numbers on items that otherwise
look the same -- memory modules, SATA cables, adapter cards, etc..
2. Keep detailed notes in a plain text file using a method that allows
access from multiple computers. (I use CVS over SSH, with the
repository on my file server.)
3. If everything is per the specifications, and module X in slot A and
module Y in slot B results in problems, swapping the modules sometimes
solves the problem. This has worked for me more than once.
4. I once built a computer with what appeared to be an infrequent
memory problem. memtest86 ran for over a day before finding one error.
5. I once upgrade a computer from 2 @ 256 MB memory modules to 2 @ 1
GB, and encountered memory problems. I had another machine with the
same motherboard, 2 @ 512 MB memory modules, and no problems. I swapped
memory between the two machines and both computers worked fine.
David