So in the end we didn't succeed in building the i386 version of the software this way, which made our idea of setting up multiarch for every single platform Debian supports (to pull package dependencies for the software) and using cross-compilers for those architectures to build the software go out of the window.
Our next idea is quite similar to the multiarch one, but instead of using multiarch, we will create chroots for every single architecture Debian supports, since that will solve the issue of the libglib2.0-dev conflict. Once we have the chroots, we will try using the host system's (which is amd64) cross-compilers to all different Debian architectures and somehow make them use the files from the chroots.
It sounds a bit complicating and I'm not completely sure how that will work and if it will work, so any input is welcome.
If you have some other idea on how to cross-compile a software from source on amd64 system to all different architectures Debian supports without getting the libglib2.0-dev conflict, I'd like to hear those too!