I agree that there's no obvious way for a subcomponent package to affect a core-compiled function, but I see this effect on all three machines I have access to today, all running testing ( vanilla testing install, upgraded crouton install, upgraded Compute Engine instance) . For the machines where I initially discovered this crashing problem, uninstalling the ltfat package appears to have resolved the problem with rcond completely.
Here's the octave-related package list from a machine that displays the problem (minus octave-ltfat) :
$ dpkg -l 'octave*' | grep ^ii
ii octave 3.8.2-4 amd64 GNU Octave language for numerical computations
ii octave-audio 1.1.4-5 amd64 functions to work with audio files in Octave
ii octave-bim 1.1.5-1 all PDE solver using a finite element/volume approach in Octave
ii octave-common 3.8.2-4 all architecture-independent files for octave
ii octave-communications 1.2.0-2+b1 amd64 communications package for Octave
ii octave-communications-common 1.2.0-2 all communications package for Octave (arch-indep files)
ii octave-control 2.6.6-1 amd64 control functions for Octave from Octave-Forge
ii octave-data-smoothing 1.3.0-3 all functions to do data smoothing on noisy data
ii octave-dataframe 1.0.1-1 all manipulate data in Octave similar to R data.frame
ii octave-econometrics 1:1.1.1-2+b1 amd64 econometrics functions for Octave
ii octave-financial 0.4.0-2 all financial manipulation and plotting functions
ii octave-fpl 1.3.4-2 all plot data on unstructured triangular and tetrahedral meshes in Octave
ii octave-ga 0.10.0-2 all genetic optimization code for Octave
ii octave-general 1.3.4-2 amd64 provide extra general functions for Octave
ii octave-geometry 1.7.0-2 amd64 geometric computing functions for Octave
ii octave-gsl 1.0.8-6 amd64 GSL binding for Octave
ii octave-image 2.2.2-1 amd64 image manipulation for Octave
ii octave-io 2.2.4-1 amd64 input/output data functions for Octave
ii octave-linear-algebra 2.2.0-3 amd64 additional linear-algebra functions for Octave
ii octave-ltfat-common 2.0.1-1 all Large Time/Frequency Analysis Toolbox (arch-indep files)
ii octave-msh 1.0.10-1 amd64 create and manage meshes for FE or FV solvers in Octave
ii octave-optim 1.4.0-1 amd64 unconstrained non-linear optimization toolkit for Octave
ii octave-signal 1.3.0-1 amd64 signal processing functions for Octave
ii octave-splines 1.2.7-2 all cubic spline functions for Octave
ii octave-struct 1.0.10-2 amd64 additional structure manipulation functions for Octave
$
Thanks for looking into this so quickly! By uninstalling the package, it's no longer a blocker for my work, but after spending more than a day narrowing down the problem, I'd like to save someone else the effort! :).