On Sat, 2019-02-16 at 11:31 +0200, Ciprian Manea wrote: > Hi there, > > I have this old server with 4x Intel Plumas (32 bit) running a > recent 4.9.0-8-686-pae stock kernel > > And while the BIOS sees and tests 12GB of RAM, the Debian PAE enabled > kernel sees only 4GB > > What are the PAE tricks to get to see/use more than 4GB RAM in the latest > Debian 9.7? You shouldn't need to do anything special. At a guess, the BIOS has a compatibility setting that limits the RAM size it reports to the OS, and you'll need to disable that. If you know what you're doing, you can override the detected memory size and physical addresses with the mem= and memmap= kernel parameters. However, beware that less than 1 GiB of the 12 GiB RAM will be "lowmem" (directly accessible by the kernel) and the Linux virtual memory manager no longer works well with such low ratios of lowmem to total RAM. Ben. -- Ben Hutchings When in doubt, use brute force. - Ken Thompson
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