[ 1283.819253] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk
[ 1283.821385] sd 8:0:0:1: [sdc] Attached SCSI removable disk
Mmm, there is no info about the SD cards size. Weird.
Check the USB settings in the phone.
There really are no "USB settings" for Android phones, you either mount
as debug for ADB commands or you mount as Mass Storage so you can access
phone (depending on phone) and Mass Storage. Have you tried to mount the
Galaxy S phone via Windows? Tried mounting with a different card in the
phone?