> > Dear Debian I18N people, > > > > I would like to know if some of you would be interested in translating > > debian-history. > > > > debian-history already includes de.po fr.po lt.po. > […] > > es, it, ja, ko, pt and ru translations also exist but are not > > yet handled with po4a, we would really like to change that. > […] > > The deadline for receiving the updated translation is > > Wed, 08 Aug 2012 15:19:48 -0400. > > > > If you have read so far, please find the POT file in attachment. Saludos, -- Fernando C. Estrada As the trials of life continue to take their toll, remember that there is always a future in Computer Maintenance. -- National Lampoon, "Deteriorata"
# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 15:23-0400\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: <title></title> #: project-history.sgml:4 msgid "A Brief History of Debian" msgstr "" #. type: <author></author> #: project-history.sgml:34 msgid "" "<name>Debian Documentation Team " "</name><email>debian-doc@lists.debian.org</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <version></version> #: project-history.sgml:34 msgid "2.16 (last revised 31st December 2011)" msgstr "" #. type: <abstract></abstract> #: project-history.sgml:38 msgid "This document describes the history and goals of the Debian project." msgstr "" #. type: <copyrightsummary></copyrightsummary> #: project-history.sgml:44 msgid "" "This document may be freely redistributed or modified in any form provided " "your changes are clearly documented." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:50 msgid "" "This document may be redistributed for fee or free, and may be modified " "(including translation from one type of media or file format to another or " "from one spoken language to another) provided that all changes from the " "original are clearly marked as such." msgstr "" #. type: <p><list> #: project-history.sgml:52 msgid "Significant contributions were made to this document by" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:54 msgid "Javier Fernández-Sanguino <email>jfs@debian.org</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:55 msgid "Bdale Garbee <email>bdale@debian.org</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:56 msgid "Hartmut Koptein <email>koptein@debian.org</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:57 msgid "Nils Lohner <email>lohner@debian.org</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:58 msgid "Will Lowe <email>lowe@debian.org</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:59 msgid "Bill Mitchell <email>Bill.Mitchell@pobox.com</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:60 msgid "Ian Murdock <email>imurdock@debian.org</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:61 msgid "Martin Schulze <email>joey@debian.org</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:62 msgid "Craig Small <email>csmall@debian.org</email>" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:68 msgid "" "This document is primarily maintained by Bdale Garbee " "<email>bdale@debian.org</email>." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:74 msgid "Introduction -- What is the Debian Project?" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:85 msgid "" "<url id=\"http://www.debian.org/\"; name=\"The Debian Project\"> is a " "worldwide group of volunteers who endeavor to produce an operating system " "distribution that is composed entirely of free software. The principle " "product of the project to date is the Debian GNU/Linux software " "distribution, which includes the Linux operating system kernel, and " "thousands of prepackaged applications. Various processor types are supported " "to one extent or another, including Intel i386 and above, Alpha, ARM, Intel " "IA-64, Motorola 68k, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, Sparc (and UltraSparc), IBM " "S/390 and Hitachi SuperH." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:94 msgid "" "Debian motivated the formation of <url id=\"http://www.spi-inc.org/\"; " "name=\"Software in the Public Interest, Inc.,\"> a New York-based non-profit " "organization. SPI was founded to help Debian and other similar organizations " "develop and distribute open hardware and software. Among other things, SPI " "provides a mechanism by which The Debian Project may accept contributions " "that are tax deductable in the United States." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:101 msgid "" "For more information about free software, see the <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/social_contract\"; name=\"Debian Social " "Contract\"> and associated Debian Free Software Guidelines, or the <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/intro/free\"; name=\"Debian What Does Free " "Mean?\"> page." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:105 msgid "In the Beginning" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:115 msgid "" "The Debian Project was officially founded by Ian Murdock on <url " "id=\"http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=CBusDD.MIK%40unix.portal.com&output=gplain\"; " "name=\"August 16th, 1993\">. At that time, the whole concept of a " "\"distribution\" of Linux was new. Ian intended Debian to be a distribution " "which would be made openly, in the spirit of Linux and GNU (read his " "manifesto provided as an appendix to this document for more details). The " "creation of Debian was sponsored by the FSF's GNU project for one year " "(November 1994 to November 1995)." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:122 msgid "" "Debian was meant to be carefully and conscientiously put together, and to be " "maintained and supported with similar care. It started as a small, " "tightly-knit group of Free Software hackers, and gradually grew to become a " "large, well-organized community of developers and users." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:132 msgid "" "When it began, Debian was the only distribution that was open for every " "developer and user to contribute their work. It remains the most significant " "distributor of Linux that is not a commercial entity. It is the only large " "project with a constitution, social contract, and policy documents to " "organize the project. Debian is also the only distribution which is \"micro " "packaged\" using detailed dependency information regarding inter-package " "relationships to ensure system consistency across upgrades." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:138 msgid "" "To achieve and maintain high standards of quality, Debian has adopted an " "extensive set of policies and procedures for packaging and delivering " "software. These standards are backed up by tools, automation, and " "documentation implementing all of Debian's key elements in an open and " "visible way." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:142 msgid "Pronouncing Debian" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:148 msgid "" "The official pronounciation of Debian is 'deb ee n'. The name comes from the " "names of the creator of Debian, Ian Murdock, and his wife, Debra." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:153 msgid "Leadership" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:156 msgid "Debian has had several leaders since its beginnings in 1993." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:159 msgid "Ian Murdock founded Debian in August 1993 and led it until March 1996." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:162 msgid "Bruce Perens led Debian from April 1996 until December 1997." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:165 msgid "Ian Jackson led Debian from January 1998 until December 1998." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:168 msgid "Wichert Akkerman led Debian from January 1999 until March 2001." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:171 msgid "Ben Collins led Debian from April 2001 until April 2002." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:174 msgid "Bdale Garbee led Debian from April 2002 until April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:177 msgid "Martin Michlmayr led Debian from March 2003 until March 2005." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:180 msgid "Branden Robinson led Debian from April 2005 until April 2006." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:183 msgid "Anthony Towns led Debian from April 2006 until April 2007." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:186 msgid "Sam Hocevar led Debian from April 2007 until April 2008." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:189 msgid "Steve McIntyre led Debian from April 2008 until April 2010." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:192 msgid "Stefano Zacchiroli was elected in April 2010 and is our current leader." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:196 msgid "Debian Releases" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:198 msgid "Debian 0.01 through 0.90 (August-December 1993)" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:203 msgid "" "Debian 0.91 (January 1994): This release had a simple package system which " "could install and uninstall packages. The project had grown to several dozen " "people at this point." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:209 msgid "" "Debian 0.93R5 (March 1995): Responsibility for each package was clearly " "assigned to a developer by this point, and the package manager " "(<prgn>dpkg</prgn>) was used to install packages after the installation of a " "base system." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:220 msgid "" "Debian 0.93R6 (November 1995): <prgn>dselect</prgn> appears. This was the " "last Debian release using the a.out binary format; there were about 60 " "developers. The first master.debian.org server was built by Bdale Garbee and " "hosted by HP in parallel with the 0.93R6 release. The deployment of an " "explicit master server on which Debian developers would construct each " "release led directly to the formation of the Debian mirror network, and " "indirectly to the development of many of the policies and procedures used to " "manage the project today." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:233 msgid "" "Debian 1.0 was never released: Accidently InfoMagic, a CD vendor, shipped " "the development release of Debian and entitled it 1.0. On December 11th " "1995, Debian and InfoMagic jointly announced that this release was " "screwed. Bruce Perens explains that the data placed on the \"InfoMagic Linux " "Developer's Resource 5-CD Set November 1995\" as \"Debian 1.0\" is not the " "Debian 1.0 release, but an early development version which is only partially " "in the ELF format, will probably not boot or run correctly, and does not " "represent the quality of a released Debian system. To prevent confusion " "between the premature CD version and the actual Debian release, the Debian " "Project has renamed its next release to \"Debian 1.1\". The premature Debian " "1.0 on CD is deprecated and should not be used." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:241 msgid "" "The hosting of master.debian.org moved from HP to i-Connect.Net around the " "end of 1995. Michael Neuffer and Shimon Shapiro, founders of i-Connect.Net, " "hosted master on their own hardware for a little more than a year. During " "this time, they provided many services to Debian, including running what was " "essentially the New Maintainer process of the day, and significantly aiding " "the growth of the early Debian mirror network." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:250 msgid "" "Debian 1.1 <em>Buzz</em> (June 17th, 1996): This was the first Debian " "release with a code name. It was taken, like all others so far, from a " "character in one of the <em>Toy Story</em> movies... in this case, Buzz " "Lightyear. By this time, Bruce Perens had taken over leadership of the " "Project from Ian Murdock, and Bruce was working at Pixar, the company that " "produced the movies. This release was fully ELF, used Linux kernel 2.0, and " "contained 474 packages." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:255 msgid "" "Debian 1.2 <em>Rex</em> (December 12th, 1996): Named for the plastic " "dinosaur in the <em>Toy Story</em> movies. This release consisted of 848 " "packages maintained by 120 developers" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:259 msgid "" "Debian 1.3 <em>Bo</em> (June 5th, 1997): Named for Bo Peep, the " "shepherdess. This release consisted of 974 packages maintained by 200 " "developers." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:266 msgid "" "Debian 2.0 <em>Hamm</em> (July 24th, 1998): Named for the piggy-bank in the " "<em>Toy Story</em> movies. This was the first multi-architecture release of " "Debian, adding support for the Motorola 68000 series architectures. With Ian " "Jackson as Project Leader, this release made the transition to libc6, and " "consisted of over 1500 packages maintained by over 400 developers." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:279 msgid "" "Debian 2.1 <em>Slink</em> (March 9th, 1999): Named for the slinky-dog in the " "movie. Two more architectures were added, <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/alpha/\"; name=\"Alpha\"> and <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/sparc/\"; name=\"SPARC\">. With Wichert " "Akkerman as Project Leader, this release consisted of about 2250 packages " "and required 2 CDs in the official set. The key technical innovation was the " "introduction of apt, a new package management interface. Widely emulated, " "apt addressed issues resulting from Debian's continuing growth, and " "established a new paradigm for package acquisition and installation on Open " "Source operating systems." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:292 msgid "" "Debian 2.2 <em>Potato</em> (15 August 2000): Named for \"Mr Potato Head\" in " "the <em>Toy Story</em> movies. This release added support for the <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/powerpc/\"; name=\"PowerPC\"> and <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/\"; name=\"ARM\"> architectures. With " "Wichert still serving as Project Leader, this release consisted of more than " "3900 binary packages derived from over 2600 source packages maintained by " "more than 450 Debian developers." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:310 msgid "" "Debian 3.0 <em>Woody</em> (19 July 2002): Named for the main character the " "<em>Toy Story</em> movies: \"Woody\" the cowboy. Even more architectures " "were added in this release: <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/ia64/\"; " "name=\"IA-64\">, <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/hppa/\"; name=\"HP " "PA-RISC\">, <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/mips/\"; name=\"MIPS (big " "endian)\">, <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/mipsel/\"; name=\"MIPS " "(little endian)\"> and <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/s390/\"; " "name=\"S/390\">. This is also the first release to include cryptographic " "software due to the restrictions for exportation being <em>lightened</em> in " "the US, and also the first one to include KDE, now that the license issues " "with QT were resolved. With Bdale Garbee recently appointed Project Leader, " "and more than 900 Debian developers, this release contained around 8,500 " "binary packages and 7 binary CDs in the official set." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:324 msgid "" "Debian 3.1 <em>Sarge</em> (6 June 2005): named for the sergeant of the Green " "Plastic Army Men. No new architectures were added to the release, although " "an unofficial AMD64 port was published at the same time and distributed " "through the new <url id=\"http://alioth.debian.org\"; name=\"Alioth project " "hosting site\">. This release features a new installer: " "<em>debian-installer</em>, a modular piece of software that feature " "automatic hardware detection, unattended installation features and was " "released fully translated to over thirty languages. It was also the first " "release to include a full office suite: OpenOffice.org. Branden Robinson had " "just been appointed as Project Leader. This release was made by more than " "nine hundred Debian developers, and contained around 15,400 binary packages " "and 14 binary CDs in the official set." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:343 msgid "" "Debian 4.0 <em>Etch</em> (8 April 2007): named for the sketch toy in the " "movie. One architecture was added in this release: <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/amd64/\"; name=\"AMD64\">, and official " "support for <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/m68k/\"; name=\"m68k\"> was " "dropped. This release continued using the <em>debian-installer</em>, but " "featuring in this release a graphical installer, cryptographic verification " "of downloaded packages, more flexible partitioning (with support for " "encrypted partitions), simplified mail configuration, a more flexible " "desktop selection, simplified but improved localization and new modes, " "including a <em>rescue</em> mode. New installations would not need to reboot " "through the installation process as the previous two phases of installation " "were now integrated. This new installer provided support for scripts using " "composed characters and complex languages in its graphical version, " "increasing the number of available translations to over fifty. Sam Hocevar " "was appointed Project Leader the very same day, and the project included " "more than one thousand and thirty Debian developers. The release contained " "around 18,000 binary packages over 20 binary CDs (3 DVDs) in the official " "set. There were also two binary CDs available to install the system with " "alternate desktop environments different to the default one." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:365 msgid "" "Debian 5.0 <em>Lenny</em> (February 2009): named for the wind up binoculars " "in the <em>Toy Story</em> movies. One architecture was added in this " "release: <url id=\"http://wiki.debian.org/ArmEabiPort\"; name=\"ARM EABI\"> " "(or <em>armel</em>), providing support for newer ARM processors and " "deprecating the old ARM port (<em>arm</em>). The <url " "id=\"http://wiki.debian.org/M68k\"; name=\"m68k\"> port was not included in " "this release, although it was still provided in the <em>unstable</em> " "distribution. This release did not feature the <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/\"; name=\"FreeBSD port\">, " "although much work on the port had been done to make it qualify it did not " "meet yet the <url id=\"http://release.debian.org/lenny/arch_qualify.html\"; " "name=\"qualification requirements\"> for this release. This release added " "support for Marvell's Orion platform which is used in many storage devices " "and also provided supported several Netbooks, in particular the Eee PC by " "Asus. <em>Lenny</em> also contained the build tools for Emdebian which " "allowed Debian source packages to be cross-built and shrunk to suit embedded " "ARM systems. It was also the first release to provide free versions of Sun's " "Java technology, making it possible to provide Java applications in the " "<em>main</em> section." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:368 msgid "" "Debian 6.0 <em>Squeeze</em> (February 2011): named for the green three-eyed " "aliens." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:371 msgid "" "The release was frozen in August 6, 2010, with many of the Debian developers " "gathered at the 10th Debconf at New York City." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:384 msgid "" "While two arquitectures (alpha and hppa) were dropped, two arquitectures of " "the new <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/\"; name=\"FreeBSD " "port\"> (kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64) were made available as " "<em>technology preview</em>, including the kernel and userland tools as well " "as common server software (though not advanced desktop features yet). This " "was the first time a Linux distribution has been extended to also allow use " "of a non-Linux kernel." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:393 msgid "" "The new release introduced a dependency based boot sequence, which allowed " "for parallel init script processing, speeding system startup." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:397 msgid "A Detailed History" msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:399 msgid "The 0.x Releases" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:407 msgid "" "Debian was begun in August 1993 by Ian Murdock, then an undergraduate at " "Purdue University. Debian was sponsored by the GNU Project of <url " "id=\"http://www.fsf.org/\"; name=\"The Free Software Foundation\">, the " "organization started by Richard Stallman and associated with the General " "Public License (GPL), for one year -- from November 1994 to November 1995." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:411 msgid "" "Debian 0.01 through Debian 0.90 were released between August and December of " "1993. Ian Murdock writes:" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:419 msgid "" "\"Debian 0.91 was released in January 1994. It had a primitive package " "system that allowed users to manipulate packages but that did little else " "(it certainly didn't have dependencies or anything like that). By this time, " "there were a few dozen people working on Debian, though I was still mostly " "putting together the releases myself. 0.91 was the last release done in this " "way." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:427 msgid "" "Most of 1994 was spent organizing the Debian Project so that others could " "more effectively contribute, as well as working on <prgn>dpkg</prgn> (Ian " "Jackson was largely responsible for this). There were no releases to the " "public in 1994 that I can remember, though there were several internal " "releases as we worked to get the process right." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:434 msgid "" "Debian 0.93 Release 5 happened in March 1995 and was the first \"modern\" " "release of Debian: there were many more developers by then (though I can't " "remember exactly how many), each maintaining their own packages, and " "<prgn>dpkg</prgn> was being used to install and maintain all these packages " "after a base system was installed." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:440 msgid "" "\"Debian 0.93 Release 6 happened in November 1995 and was the last a.out " "release. There were about sixty developers maintaining packages in " "0.93R6. If I remember correctly, <prgn>dselect</prgn> first appeared in " "0.93R6.\"" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:450 msgid "" "Ian Murdock also notes that Debian 0.93R6 \"... has always been my favorite " "release of Debian\", although he admits to the possibility of some personal " "bias, as he stopped actively working on the project in March 1996 during the " "pre-production of Debian 1.0, which was actually released as Debian 1.1 to " "avoid confusion after a CDROM manufacturer mistakenly labelled an unreleased " "version as Debian 1.0. That incident led to the concept of \"official\" " "CDROM images, as a way for the project to help vendors avoid this kind of " "mistake." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:461 msgid "" "During August 1995 (between Debian 0.93 Release 5 and Debian 0.93 Release " "6), Hartmut Koptein started the first port for Debian, for the Motorola m68k " "family. He reports that \"Many, many packages were i386-centric (little " "endian, -m486, -O6 and all for libc4) and it was a hard time to get a " "starting base of packages on my machine (an Atari Medusa 68040, 32 " "MHz). After three months (in November 1995), I uploaded 200 packages from " "250 available packages, all for libc5!\" Later he started another port " "together with Vincent Renardias and Martin Schulze, for the PowerPC family." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:467 msgid "" "Since this time, the Debian Project has grown to include several <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/\"; name=\"ports\"> to other architectures, " "a port to a new (non-Linux) kernel, the GNU Hurd microkernel, and at least " "one flavor of BSD kernel." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:471 msgid "An early member of the project, Bill Mitchell, remembers the Linux kernel" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:477 msgid "" "\"... being between 0.99r8 and 0.99r15 when we got started. For a long time, " "I could build the kernel in less than 30 minutes on a 20 Mhz 386-based " "machine, and could also do a Debian install in that same amount of time in " "under 10Mb of disk space." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:484 msgid "" "\" ... I recall the initial group as including Ian Murdock, myself, Ian " "Jackson, another Ian who's surname I don't recall, Dan Quinlan, and some " "other people who's names I don't recall. Matt Welsh was either part of the " "initial group or joined pretty early on (he has since left the " "project). Someone set up a mailing list, and we were off and running." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:493 msgid "" "As I recall, we didn't start off with a plan, and we didn't start off by " "putting together a plan in any highly organized fashion. Right from the " "start, I do recall, we started off collecting up sources for a pretty random " "collection of packages. Over time, we came to focus on a collection of items " "which would be required to put together the core of a distribution: the " "kernel, a shell, update, getty, various other programs and support files " "needed to init the system, and a set of core utilities.\"" msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:495 msgid "The Early Debian Packaging System" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:505 msgid "" "At the very early stages of the Project, members considered distributing " "source-only packages. Each package would consist of the upstream source code " "and a Debianized patch file, and users would untar the sources, apply the " "patches, and compile binaries themselves. They soon realized, however, that " "some sort of binary distribution scheme would be needed. The earliest " "packaging tool, written by Ian Murdock and called <prgn>dpkg</prgn>, created " "a package in a Debian-specific binary format, and could be used later to " "unpack and install the files in the package." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:515 msgid "" "Ian Jackson soon took over the development of the packaging tool, renaming " "the tool itself <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> and writing a front-end program he " "named <prgn>dpkg</prgn> to facilitate the use of <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> and " "provide the <em>Dependencies</em> and <em>Conflicts</em> of today's Debian " "system. The packages produced by these tools had a header listing the " "version of the tool used to create the package and an offset within the file " "to a <prgn>tar</prgn>-produced archive, which was separated from the header " "by some control information." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:527 msgid "" "At about this time some debate arose between members of the project -- some " "felt that the Debian-specific format created by <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> should " "be dropped in favor of the format produced by the <prgn>ar</prgn> " "program. After several revised file formats and correspondingly-revised " "packaging tools, the <prgn>ar</prgn> format was adopted. The key value of " "this change is that it makes it possible for a Debian package to be " "un-packaged on any Unix-like system without the need to run an untrusted " "executable. In other words, only standard tools present on every Unix system " "like 'ar' and 'tar' are required to unpack a Debian binary package and " "examine the contents." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:531 msgid "The 1.x Releases" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:544 msgid "" "When Ian Murdock left Debian, he appointed Bruce Perens as the next leader " "of the project. Bruce first became interested in Debian while he was " "attempting to create a Linux distribution CD to be called \"Linux for " "Hams\", which would include all of the Linux software useful to ham radio " "operators. Finding that the Debian core system would require much further " "work to support his project, Bruce ended up working heavily on the base " "Linux system and related installation tools, postponing his ham radio " "distribution, including organizing (with Ian Murdock) the first set of " "Debian install scripts, eventually resulting in the Debian Rescue Floppy " "that was a core component of the Debian installation toolset for several " "releases." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:547 msgid "Ian Murdock states:" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:552 msgid "" "\"Bruce was the natural choice to succeed me, as he had been maintaining the " "base system for nearly a year, and he had been picking up the slack as the " "amount of time I could devote to Debian declined rapidly.\"" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:560 msgid "" "He initiated several important facets of the project, including coordinating " "the effort to produce the Debian Free Software Guidelines and the Debian " "Social Contract, and the initiation of The Open Hardware Project. During his " "time as Project Leader, Debian gained market share and a reputation as a " "platform for serious, technically-capable Linux users." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:568 msgid "" "Bruce Perens also spearheaded the effort to create <url " "id=\"http://www.spi-inc.org/\"; name=\"Software in the Public Interest, " "Inc.\">. Originally intended to provide the Debian Project with a legal " "entity capable of accepting donations, its aims quickly expanded to include " "supporting free software projects outside the Debian Project." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:571 msgid "The following Debian versions were released during this time:" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:574 msgid "" "1.1 <em>Buzz</em> released June 1996 (474 packages, 2.0 kernel, fully ELF, " "<prgn>dpkg</prgn>)" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:575 msgid "1.2 <em>Rex</em> released December 1996 (848 packages, 120 developers)" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:576 msgid "1.3 <em>Bo</em> released July 1997 (974 packages, 200 developers)" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:582 msgid "" "There were several interim \"point\" releases made to 1.3, with the last " "being 1.3.1R6." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:587 msgid "" "Bruce Perens was replaced by Ian Jackson as Debian Project Leader at the " "beginning of January, 1998, after leading the project much of the way " "through the preparation for the 2.0 release." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:591 msgid "The 2.x Releases" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:600 msgid "" "Ian Jackson became the Leader of the Debian Project at the beginning of " "1998, and was shortly thereafter added to the board of Software in the " "Public Interest in the capacity of Vice President. After the resignation of " "the Treasurer (Tim Sailer), President (Bruce Perens), and Secretary (Ian " "Murdock), he became President of the Board and three new members were " "chosen: Martin Schulze (Vice President), Dale Scheetz (Secretary), and Nils " "Lohner (Treasurer)." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:607 msgid "" "Debian 2.0 (<em>Hamm</em>) was released July 1998 for the Intel i386 and " "Motorola 68000 series architectures. This release marked the move to a new " "version of the system C libraries (glibc2 or for historical reasons " "libc6). At the time of release, there were 1500+ packages maintained by more " "than 400 Debian developers." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:614 msgid "" "Wichert Akkerman succeeded Ian Jackson as Debian Project Leader in January " "of 1999. <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/releases/slink/\"; name=\"Debian " "2.1\"> was <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/News/1999/19990309\"; " "name=\"released\"> on 09 March, 1999, after being delayed by a week when a " "few last-minute issues arose." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:624 msgid "" "Debian 2.1 (<em>Slink</em>) featured official support for two new " "architectures: <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/alpha/\"; " "name=\"Alpha\"> and <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/sparc/\"; " "name=\"Sparc\">. The X-Windows packages included with Debian 2.1 were " "greatly reorganized from previous releases, and 2.1 included " "<prgn>apt</prgn>, the next-generation Debian package manager " "interface. Also, this release of Debian was the first to require 2 CD-ROMs " "for the \"Official Debian CD set\"; the distribution included about 2250 " "packages." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:638 msgid "" "On 21 April 1999, <url id=\"http://www.corel.com/\"; name=\"Corel " "Corporation\"> and the <url id=\"http://www.kde.org/\"; name=\"K Desktop " "Project\"> effectively formed an alliance with Debian when Corel announced " "its intentions to release a Linux distribution based on Debian and the " "desktop environment produced by the KDE group. During the following spring " "and summer months, another Debian-based distribution, Storm Linux, appeared, " "and the Debian Project chose a new <url id=\"http://www.debian.org/logos/\"; " "name=\"logo\">, featuring both an Official version for use on " "Debian-sanctioned materials such as CD-ROMs and official Project websites, " "and an Unofficial logo for use on material mentioning or derived from " "Debian." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:648 msgid "" "A new, unique, Debian port also began at this time, for the <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/\"; name=\"Hurd\"> port. This is the " "first port to use a non-Linux kernel, instead using the <url " "id=\"http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd.html\"; name=\"GNU Hurd\">, a " "version of the GNU Mach microkernel." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:655 msgid "" "Debian 2.2 (<em>Potato</em>) was released August 15th, 2000 for the Intel " "i386, Motorola 68000 series, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC and ARM " "architectures. This was the first release including PowerPC and ARM " "ports. At the time of release, there were 3900+ binary and 2600+ source " "packages maintained by more than 450 Debian developers." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:665 msgid "" "An interesting fact about Debian 2.2 is that it showed how an free software " "effort could lead to a modern operating system despite all the issues around " "it. This was studied<footnote><p>The <url " "id=\"http://libresoft.es/debian-counting/potato/index.php?menu=Statistics\"; " "name=\"raw statitics data\"> for Potato are also available at <url " "id=\"http://libresoft.es/debian-counting/\"; name=\"Debian counting site\">, " "as well as papers analysing later releases.</p></footnote> thoroughly by a " "group of interested people in an article called <url " "id=\"http://pascal.case.unibz.it/retrieve/3246/counting-potatoes.html\"; " "name=\"Counting potatoes\"> quoting from this article:" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:681 msgid "" "<em> \"[...] we use David A. Wheeler's sloccount system to determine the " "number of physical source lines of code (SLOC) of Debian 2.2 (aka " "potato). We show that Debian 2.2 includes more than 55,000,000 physical SLOC " "(almost twice than Red Hat 7.1, released about 8 months later), showing that " "the Debian development model (based on the work of a large group of " "voluntary developers spread around the world) is at least as capable as " "other development methods [...] It is also shown that if Debian had been " "developed using traditional proprietary methods, the COCOMO model estimates " "that its cost would be close to $1.9 billion USD to develop Debian 2.2. In " "addition, we offer both an analysis of the programming languages used in the " "distribution (C amounts for about 70%, C++ for about 10%, LISP and Shell are " "around 5%, with many others to follow), and the largest packages (Mozilla, " "the Linux kernel, PM3, XFree86, etc.)\"</em>" msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:684 msgid "The 3.x Releases" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:696 msgid "" "Before woody could even begin to be prepared for release, a change to the " "archive system on ftp-master had to be made. Package pools, which enabled " "special purpose distributions, such as the new \"Testing\" distribution used " "for the first time to get woody ready for release, were <url " "id=\"http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce-0012/msg00004.html\"; " "name=\"activated on ftp-master\"> in mid December 2000. A package pool is " "just a collection of different versions of a given package, from which " "multiple distributions (currently experimental, unstable, testing, and " "stable) can draw packages, which are then included in that distribution's " "Packages file." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:702 msgid "" "At the same time a new distribution <em>testing</em> was introduced. Mainly, " "packages from unstable that are said to be stable moved to testing (after a " "period of a few weeks). This was introduced in order to reduce freeze time " "and give the project the ability to prepare a new release at any time." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:709 msgid "" "In that period, some of the companies that were shipping modified versions " "of Debian closed down. Corel sold its Linux division in the first quarter of " "2001, Stormix declared bankruptcy on January 17th 2001, and Progeny ceased " "development of its distribution on October 1st, 2001." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:728 msgid "" "The freeze for the next release started on July 1st 2001. However, it took " "the project a little more than a year to get to the next release, due to " "<url id=\"http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce-0104/msg00004.html\"; " "name=\"problems in boot-floppies\">, because of the introduction of " "cryptographic software in the main archive and due to the changes in the " "underlying architecture (the incoming archive and the security " "architecture). In that time, however, the stable release (Debian 2.2) was " "revised up to seven times, and two Project Leaders were elected: Ben Collins " "(in 2001) and Bdale Garbee. Also, work in many areas of Debian besides " "packaging kept growing, including internationalization, Debian's web site " "(over a thousand webpages) was translated into over 20 different languages, " "and installation for the next release was ready in 23 languages. Two " "internal projects: Debian Junior (for children) and Debian Med (for medical " "practice and research) started during the woody release time frame providing " "the project with different focuses to make Debian suitable for those tasks." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:735 msgid "" "The work around Debian didn't stop the developers from organising an annual " "meeting called <url id=\"http://www.debconf.org\"; name=\"Debconf\">. The " "first meeting was held from the 2nd to the 5th of July together with the " "Libre Software Meeting (LSM) at Bordeaux (France) gathered around forty " "Debian developers. The second conference took place in Toronto (Canada) July " "5th 2002 with over eighty participants." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:751 msgid "" "Debian 3.0 (<em>woody</em>) was released July 19th, 2002 for the Intel i386, " "Motorola 68000 series, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC, ARM, HP PA-RISC, IA-64, " "MIPS, MIPS (DEC) and IBM s/390 architectures. This is the first release " "including HP PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) and IBM s/390 ports. At the " "time of release, there were around 8500 binary packages maintained by over " "nine hundred Debian developers, becoming the first release to be available " "on DVD media as well as CD-ROMs." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:759 msgid "" "Before the next release the <em>Debconf</em> annual meeting continued with " "the fourth conference taking place in Oslo from July 18th to July 20th 2003 " "with over one hundred and twenty participants, with a <em>Debcamp</em> " "preceding it, from July 12th to July 17th. The fifth conference took place " "from May 26th to June 2nd 2004 in Porto Alegre, Brazil with over one hundred " "and sixty participants from twenty six different countries." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:767 msgid "" "Debian 3.1 (<em>sarge</em>) was released June 6th, 2005 for the same " "architectures than <em>woody</em>, although an unofficial AMD64 port was " "released at the same time using the project hosting infrastructure provided " "for the distribution and available at <url " "id=\"http://alioth.debian.org\";>. There were around 15,000 binary packages " "maintained by more than one thousand and five hundred Debian developers." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:775 msgid "" "There were many major changes in the <em>sarge</em> release, mostly due to " "the large time it took to freeze and release the distribution. Not only did " "this release update over 73% of the software shipped in the previous " "version, but it also included much more software than previous releases " "almost doubling in size with 9,000 new packages including the OpenOffice " "suite, the Firefox web browser and the Thunderbird e-mail client." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:788 msgid "" "This release shipped with the 2.4 and 2.6 Linux kernel series, XFree86 4.3, " "GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3 and with a brand new installer. This new installer " "replaced the aging boot-floopies installer with a modular design with " "provided for more advanced installations (with RAID, XFS and LVM support) " "including hardware detections and making installations easier for novice " "users of all the architectures. It also switched to <prgn>aptitude</prgn> as " "the selected tool for package management. But the installation system also " "boasted full internationalization support as the software was translated " "into almost forty languages. The supporting documentation: installation " "manual and release notes, were made available with the release in ten and " "fifteen different languages respectively." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:799 msgid "" "This release included the efforts of the Debian-Edu/Skolelinux, Debian-Med " "and Debian-Accessibility sub-projects which boosted the number of " "educational packages and those with a medical affiliation as well as " "packages designed especially for people with disabilities." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:804 msgid "" "The sixth <em>Debconf</em> was held in Espoo, Finland, from July 10th to " "July 17th, 2005 with over three hundred participants. <url " "id=\"http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/debian-meetings/2005/debconf5/\"; " "name=\"Videos\"> from this conference are available online." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:817 msgid "" "The seventh <em>Debconf</em> was held in Oaxtepec, Mexico, from May 14th to " "May 22nd, 2006 with around <url " "id=\"https://gallery.debconf.org/aigars/dc6_group_photo_big\"; name=\"two " "hundred\"> participants. <url " "id=\"http://meetings-archive.debian.net/pub/debian-meetings/2006/debconf6/\"; " "name=\"Videos\"> and <url id=\"https://gallery.debconf.org/debconf6\"; " "name=\"pictures\"> from this conference are available online." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:823 msgid "The 4.x Releases" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:832 msgid "" "Debian 4.0 (<em>etch</em>) was <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/News/2007/20070408\"; name=\"released\"> April " "8th, 2007 for the same number of architectures as in <em>sarge</em>. This " "included the AMD64 port but dropped support for m68k. The m68k port was, " "however, still available in the <em>unstable</em> distribution. There were " "around 18,200 binary packages maintained by more than one thousand and " "thirty Debian developers." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:838 msgid "The 5.x Releases" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:861 msgid "" "Debian 5.0 (<em>lenny</em>) was <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/News/2009/20090214\"; name=\"released\"> February " "14th, 2009 for one more architecture than its predecessor, " "<em>etch</em>. This included the port for newer ARM processors. As with the " "previous release, support for the m68k architecture was still available in " "<em>unstable</em>. There were around 23,000 binary packages (built from over " "12,000 source packages) maintained by more than more than one thousand and " "ten Debian developers." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:872 msgid "" "The eighth <em>Debconf</em> was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, from June 17th " "to 23th, 2007 with over four hundred participants. <url " "id=\"http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/debian-meetings/2007/debconf7/\"; " "name=\"Videos\"> and <url id=\"https://gallery.debconf.org/debconf7\"; " "name=\"pictures\"> from this conference are available online." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:884 msgid "" "The ninth <em>Debconf</em> was held in Mar de Plata, Argentina, from August " "10th to 16th, 2008 with over <url " "id=\"https://gallery.debconf.org/v/debconf8/karora/OfficialPhoto.jpg.html\"; " "name=\"two hundred\"> participants. <url " "id=\"http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/debian-meetings/2008/debconf8/\"; " "name=\"Videos\"> and <url id=\"https://gallery.debconf.org/v/debconf8/\"; " "name=\"pictures\"> from this conference are available online." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:895 msgid "" "The tenth <em>Debconf</em> was held in Caceres, Spain, from July 23th to " "30th, 2009 with over <url " "id=\"http://wiki.debconf.org/wiki/DebConf9/Pictures/GroupPhoto\"; name=\"two " "hundred\"> participants. <url " "id=\"http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/debian-meetings/2009/debconf9/\"; " "name=\"Videos\"> and <url id=\"https://gallery.debconf.org/v/debconf9/\"; " "name=\"pictures\"> from this conference are available online." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:908 msgid "" "The eleventh <em>Debconf</em> was held in New York City, United States of " "America, from August 1st to 7th, 2010 with Debcamp preceeding it from July " "25th to 31st. Over <url " "id=\"http://wiki.debconf.org/wiki/DebConf10/GroupPhoto\"; name=\"200 " "people\"> including Debian developers, maintainers, users gathered at the " "Columbia Campus to participate in the conference. <url " "id=\"http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/debian-meetings/2010/debconf10/\"; " "name=\"Videos\"> and <url id=\"https://gallery.debconf.org/v/debconf10/\"; " "name=\"pictures\"> from this conference are available online." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:909 msgid "The 6.x Releases" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:911 msgid "Debian 6.0 <em>squeeze</em>) was released February 6th, 2011." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:918 msgid "" "After the project decided, the 29th of July 2009, to <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/News/2009/20090729\"; name=\"adopt time-based " "releases\"> so that new releases would be published the first half of every " "even year. Squeeze was the a one-time exception to the two-year policy in " "order to get into the new time schedule." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:925 msgid "" "This policy was adopted in order to provide better predictability of " "releases for users of the Debian distribution, and also allow Debian " "developers to do better long-term planning. A two-year release cycle " "provided more time for disruptive changes, reducing inconveniences caused " "for users. Having predictable freezes was expected also to reduce overall " "freeze time." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:931 msgid "" "However, even though the freeze was expected in December 2009, the <url " "id=\"http://www.debian.org/News/2010/20100806\"; name=\"frozen " "announcement\"> came in August 2010, coinciding with the celebration of the " "10th annual Debconf meeting in New York." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:937 msgid "" "To accommodate the needs of larger organisations and other users with a long " "upgrade process, the Debian project commited to provide the possibility to " "skip the upcoming release and do a skip-upgrade straight from Debian " "GNU/Linux 5.0 (\"Lenny\") to Debian GNU/Linux 7.0 (Wheezy)." msgstr "" #. type: <p><list> #: project-history.sgml:940 msgid "New features include:" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:943 msgid "" "Linux Kernel 2.6.32, now completely free and without problematic firmware " "files." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:944 msgid "libc: eglibc 2.11" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:945 msgid "Gnome 2.30.0 with some pieces of 2.32" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:946 msgid "KDE 4.4.5" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:947 msgid "X.org 7.5" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:948 msgid "Xfce 4.6" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:949 msgid "OpenOffice.org 3.2.1" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:950 msgid "Apache 2.2.16" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:951 msgid "PHP 5.3.3" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:952 msgid "MySQL 5.1.49" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:953 msgid "PostgreSQL 8.4.6" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:954 msgid "Samba 3.5.6" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:955 msgid "GCC 4.4" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:956 msgid "Perl 5.10" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:957 msgid "Python 2.6 and 3.1" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:959 msgid "" "10000 new packages, for more than 29000 binary packages built from nearly " "15000 source packages." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:961 msgid "" "DKMS, a framework to generate Linux kernel modules whose sources do not " "reside in the Linux kernel source tree." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:963 msgid "" "Dependency-based ordering of init scripts using insserv, allowing parallel " "execution to shorten the time needed to boot the system." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:964 msgid "Two new ports, kfreebsd-i386 and kfreebsd-amd64." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:992 msgid "" "Many packages started using a new source package format based on quilt. This " "<url id=\"http://wiki.debian.org/Projects/DebSrc3.0\"; name=\"new format\">, " "called \"3.0 (quilt)\" for non-native packages, separates Debian patches " "from the distributed source code. A new format, \"3.0 (native)\", was also " "introduced for native packages. New features in these formats include " "support for multiple upstream tarballs, support for bzip2 and lzma " "compressed tarballs and the inclusion of binary files." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:994 msgid "Important Events" msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:996 msgid "July 2000: Joel Klecker died" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1006 msgid "" "On July 11th, 2000, Joel Klecker, who was also known as Espy, passed away at " "21 years of age. No one who saw 'Espy' in #mklinux, the Debian lists or " "channels knew that behind this nickname was a young man suffering from a " "form of <url id=\"http://mdausa.org/disease/dmd.html\"; name=\"Duchenne " "muscular dystrophy\">. Most people only knew him as 'the Debian glibc and " "powerpc guy' and had no idea of the hardships Joel fought. Though physically " "impaired, he shared his great mind with others." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1008 msgid "Joel Klecker (also known as Espy) will be missed." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1012 msgid "October 2000: Implementation of Package Pools" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1024 msgid "" "James Troup <url " "id=\"http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce-0010/msg00007.html\"; " "name=\"reported\"> that he has been working on re-implementing the archive " "maintenance tools and switching to package pools. From this date, files are " "stored in a directory named after the corresponding source package inside of " "the <file>pools</file> directory. The distribution directories will only " "contain Packages files that contain references to the pool. This simplifies " "overlapping distributions such as testing and unstable. The archive is also " "database-driven using PostgreSQL which also speeds up lookups." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1028 msgid "March 2001: Christopher Rutter died" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1034 msgid "" "On March 1st, 2001, Christopher Matthew Rutter (also known as cmr) was " "killed after he was struck by a car at the age of 19. Christopher was a " "young and well known member of the Debian project helping the ARM port. The " "buildd.debian.org site is dedicated to his memory." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1037 msgid "Chris Rutter will be missed." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1041 msgid "March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco died" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1048 msgid "" "On March 28th, 2001, Fabrizio Polacco passed away after a long illness. The " "Debian Project honors his good work and strong dedication to Debian and Free " "Software. The contributions of Fabrizio will not be forgotten, and other " "developers will step forward to continue his work." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1051 msgid "Fabrizio Polacco will be missed." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1055 msgid "July 2002: Martin Butterweck died" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1060 msgid "" "On July 21st, 2002, Martin Butterweck (also known as blendi) died after " "battling leukemia. Martin was a young member of the Debian project who " "recently joined the project." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1063 msgid "Martin Butterweck will be missed." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1067 msgid "November 2002: Fire burnt Debian server" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1077 msgid "" "Around 08:00 CET on November 20th, 2002, the University of Twente Network " "Operations Center (NOC) caught fire. The building burnt to the ground. The " "fire department gave up hope on protecting the server area. Among other " "things the NOC hosted satie.debian.org which contained both the security and " "non-US archive as well as the new-maintainer (nm) and quality assurance (qa) " "databases. Debian rebuilt these services on the host klecker, which was " "recently moved from the U.S.A. to the Netherlands." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1081 msgid "May 2004: Manuel Estrada Sainz and Andrés García Solier died" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1086 msgid "" "On May 9th Manuel Estrada Sainz (ranty) and Andrés García Solier (ErConde) " "were killed in a tragic car accident while returning from the Free Software " "conference held at Valencia, Spain." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1089 msgid "Manuel Estrada Sainz and Andrés García Solier will be missed." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1093 msgid "July 2005: Jens Schmalzing died" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1102 msgid "" "On July 30th Jens Schmalzing (jensen) died in a tragic accident at his " "workplace in Munich, Germany. He was involved in Debian as a maintainer of " "several packages, as supporter of the PowerPC port, as a member of the " "kernel team, and was instrumental in taking the PowerPC kernel package to " "version 2.6. He also maintained the Mac-on-Linux emulator and its kernel " "modules, helped with the installer and with local Munich activities." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1105 msgid "Jens Schmalzing will be missed." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1109 msgid "December 2008: Thiemo Seufer died" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1117 msgid "" "On December 26th Thiemo Seufer (ths) died in a car accident. He was the lead " "maintainer of the MIPS and MIPSEL port and he had also contributed at length " "in the debian-installer long before <url " "id=\"http://lists.debian.org/debian-newmaint/2004/06/msg00021.html\"; " "name=\"he became a Debian developer\"> in 2004. As a member of the QEMU team " "he wrote most of the MIPS emulation layer." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1120 msgid "Thiemo Seufer will be missed." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1124 msgid "August 2010: Frans Pop died" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1130 msgid "" "Frans Pop (fjp) died on August 20th. Frans was involved in Debian as a " "maintainer of several packages, a supporter of the S/390 port, and one of " "the most involved members of the Debian Installer team. He was a Debian " "listmaster, editor and release manager of the Installation Guide and the " "release notes, as well as a Dutch translator." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1133 msgid "Frans Pop will be missed." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1137 msgid "What's Next?" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1145 msgid "" "The Debian Project continues to work on the <em>unstable</em> distribution " "(codenamed <em>sid</em>, after the evil and \"unstable\" kid next door from " "the <em>Toy Story 1</em> who should never be let out into the world) Sid is " "the permanent name for the unstable distribution and is always 'Still In " "Development'. Most new or updated packages are uploaded into this " "distribution." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1168 msgid "" "The <em>testing</em> release is intended to become the next stable release " "and is currently codenamed <em>wheezy</em>." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1173 msgid "The Debian Manifesto" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1176 msgid "Written by Ian A. Murdock, Revised 01/06/94" msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1178 msgid "What is Debian Linux?" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1187 msgid "" "Debian Linux is a brand-new kind of Linux distribution. Rather than being " "developed by one isolated individual or group, as other distributions of " "Linux have been developed in the past, Debian is being developed openly in " "the spirit of Linux and GNU. The primary purpose of the Debian project is to " "finally create a distribution that lives up to the Linux name. Debian is " "being carefully and conscientiously put together and will be maintained and " "supported with similar care." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1199 msgid "" "It is also an attempt to create a non-commercial distribution that will be " "able to effectively compete in the commercial market. It will eventually be " "distributed by The Free Software Foundation on CD-ROM, and The Debian Linux " "Association will offer the distribution on floppy disk and tape along with " "printed manuals, technical support and other end-user essentials. All of the " "above will be available at little more than cost, and the excess will be put " "toward further development of free software for all users. Such distribution " "is essential to the success of the Linux operating system in the commercial " "market, and it must be done by organizations in a position to successfully " "advance and advocate free software without the pressure of profits or " "returns." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1203 msgid "Why is Debian being constructed?" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1215 msgid "" "Distributions are essential to the future of Linux. Essentially, they " "eliminate the need for the user to locate, download, compile, install and " "integrate a fairly large number of essential tools to assemble a working " "Linux system. Instead, the burden of system construction is placed on the " "distribution creator, whose work can be shared with thousands of other " "users. Almost all users of Linux will get their first taste of it through a " "distribution, and most users will continue to use a distribution for the " "sake of convenience even after they are familiar with the operating " "system. Thus, distributions play a very important role indeed." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1226 msgid "" "Despite their obvious importance, distributions have attracted little " "attention from developers. There is a simple reason for this: they are " "neither easy nor glamorous to construct and require a great deal of ongoing " "effort from the creator to keep the distribution bug-free and up-to-date. It " "is one thing to put together a system from scratch; it is quite another to " "ensure that the system is easy for others to install, is installable and " "usable under a wide variety of hardware configurations, contains software " "that others will find useful, and is updated when the components themselves " "are improved." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1237 msgid "" "Many distributions have started out as fairly good systems, but as time " "passes attention to maintaining the distribution becomes a secondary " "concern. A case-in-point is the Softlanding Linux System (better known as " "SLS). It is quite possibly the most bug-ridden and badly maintained Linux " "distribution available; unfortunately, it is also quite possibly the most " "popular. It is, without question, the distribution that attracts the most " "attention from the many commercial \"distributors\" of Linux that have " "surfaced to capitalize on the growing popularity of the operating system." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1253 msgid "" "This is a bad combination indeed, as most people who obtain Linux from these " "\"distributors\" receive a bug-ridden and badly maintained Linux " "distribution. As if this wasn't bad enough, these \"distributors\" have a " "disturbing tendency to misleadingly advertise non-functional or extremely " "unstable \"features\" of their product. Combine this with the fact that the " "buyers will, of course, expect the product to live up to its advertisement " "and the fact that many may believe it to be a commercial operating system " "(there is also a tendency not to mention that Linux is free nor that it is " "distributed under the GNU General Public License). To top it all off, these " "\"distributors\" are actually making enough money from their effort to " "justify buying larger advertisements in more magazines; it is the classic " "example of unacceptable behavior being rewarded by those who simply do not " "know any better. Clearly something needs to be done to remedy the situation." msgstr "" #. type: <heading></heading> #: project-history.sgml:1257 msgid "How will Debian attempt to put an end to these problems?" msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1272 msgid "" "The Debian design process is open to ensure that the system is of the " "highest quality and that it reflects the needs of the user community. By " "involving others with a wide range of abilities and backgrounds, Debian is " "able to be developed in a modular fashion. Its components are of high " "quality because those with expertise in a certain area are given the " "opportunity to construct or maintain the individual components of Debian " "involving that area. Involving others also ensures that valuable suggestions " "for improvement can be incorporated into the distribution during its " "development; thus, a distribution is created based on the needs and wants of " "the users rather than the needs and wants of the constructor. It is very " "difficult for one individual or small group to anticipate these needs and " "wants in advance without direct input from others." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1284 msgid "" "Debian Linux will also be distributed on physical media by the Free Software " "Foundation and the Debian Linux Association. This provides Debian to users " "without access to the Internet or FTP and additionally makes products and " "services such as printed manuals and technical support available to all " "users of the system. In this way, Debian may be used by many more " "individuals and organizations than is otherwise possible, the focus will be " "on providing a first-class product and not on profits or returns, and the " "margin from the products and services provided may be used to improve the " "software itself for all users whether they paid to obtain it or not." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1294 msgid "" "The Free Software Foundation plays an extremely important role in the future " "of Debian. By the simple fact that they will be distributing it, a message " "is sent to the world that Linux is not a commercial product and that it " "never should be, but that this does not mean that Linux will never be able " "to compete commercially. For those of you who disagree, I challenge you to " "rationalize the success of GNU Emacs and GCC, which are not commercial " "software but which have had quite an impact on the commercial market " "regardless of that fact." msgstr "" #. type: <p></p> #: project-history.sgml:1301 msgid "" "The time has come to concentrate on the future of Linux rather than on the " "destructive goal of enriching oneself at the expense of the entire Linux " "community and its future. The development and distribution of Debian may not " "be the answer to the problems that I have outlined in the Manifesto, but I " "hope that it will at least attract enough attention to these problems to " "allow them to be solved." msgstr ""
<!doctype debiandoc system> <book> <title>Una breve historia de Debian</title> <author>Equipo de Documentación de Debian<email>debian-doc@lists.debian.org</email> <author>Traducción: Antonio Ognio<email>aognio@gmail.com</email> <author>y Damian Cinich<email>damiancinich@yahoo.com.ar</email> <version>2.5 (última revisión el 6 de septiembre de 2004)</version> <abstract> Este documento describe la historia y los objetivos del proyecto Debian. </abstract> <copyright> Este documento puede ser distribuido libremente o modificado de cualquier forma, pero sus cambios deben estar claramente documentados. <p> Puede ser redistribuido libremente, y puede ser modificado (incluyendo la conversión a otro tipo de medio o formato de archivo a otro o la traducción de otros idiomas) siempre que todas las modificaciones del original estén claramente marcadas como tales. <p> Las siguientes personas contribuyeron a él de forma significativa: <list> <item>Bdale Garbee <email>bdale@debian.org</email> <item>Hartmut Koptein <email>koptein@debian.org</email> <item>Nils Lohner <email>lohner@debian.org</email> <item>Will Lowe <email>lowe@debian.org</email> <item>Bill Mitchell <email>Bill.Mitchell@pobox.com</email> <item>Ian Murdock <email>imurdock@debian.org</email> <item>Martin Schulze <email>joey@debian.org</email> <item>Craig Small <email>csmall@debian.org</email> </list> <p> Bdale Garbee <email>bdale@debian.org</email> mantiene en la actualidad este documento. </copyright> <toc> <chapt id="intro">Introducción -- ¿Qué es el proyecto Debian? <p> <url id="http://www.debian.org/"; name="El proyecto Debian"> es un grupo mundial de voluntarios que se esfuerzan por producir una distribución de sistema operativo que este compuesta enteramente de software libre. El producto principal del proyecto a la fecha es la distribución de software Debian GNU/Linux, la cual incluye a Linux como núcleo del sistema operativo, así como miles de aplicaciones pre-empaquetadas. Se soportan en mayor o menor medida distintos tipos de procesadores, incluyendo el procesador Intel i386 y superiores, y los procesadores Alpha, ARM, Intel IA-64, Motorola 68k, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, Sparc (y UltraSparc), IBM S/390 y Hitachi SuperH. <p> Debian motivó la formación de <url id="http://www.spi-inc.org/"; name="Software In The Public Interest, Inc.,"> una organización sin ánimo de lucro, ubicada en Nueva York. SPI fue fundada para ayudar a Debian y otras organizaciones similares a desarrollar y distribuir hardware y software abierto. Entre otras cosas, SPI provee un mecanismo por el cual el proyecto Debian puede aceptar contribuciones que sean deducibles de impuestos en los Estados Unidos de América. <p> Para obtener más información acerca del Software libre, consulte el <url id="http://www.debian.org/social_contract"; name="Contrato social de debian"> y las Directrices de software libre de Debian asociadas, o bien la página <url id="http://www.debian.org/intro/free"; name="¿Qué significa libre?">. <sect>El comienzo <p> Ian Murdock fundó oficialmente el proyecto Debian el <url name="16 de agosto de 1993" id="http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=CBusDD.MIK%40unix.portal.com&output=gplain";>. Hasta ese momento, el concepto de una «distribución» de Linux era nuevo. Ian pretendió que Debian fuera una distribución realizada de forma abierta, siguiendo el espíritu de Linux y GNU (lea el manifiesto provisto como un apéndice a este documento para más detalles). La creación de Debian fue patrocinada por el proyecto GNU de la FSF durante un año (noviembre de 1994 a noviembre de 1995). <p> Debian estaba pensada para ser desarrollada cuidadosa y conscientemente y ser mantenida y soportada con un cuidado similar. Lo que comenzó con un pequeño y grupo muy unido de hackers de software libre, fue creciendo gradualmente hasta convertirse en una gran comunidad de desarrolladores y usuarios bien organizada. <p> Debian es la única distribución que está abierta a las contribuciones de cada desarrollador y usuario que deseen participar con su trabajo. Y es la única distribución relevante de Linux que no es una entidad comercial. Es el único gran proyecto con una constitución, contrato social, y documento de directrices que organizan el proyecto. Debian es también la única distribución que se «micro-empaqueta» y que utiliza una detallada información de las dependencias de cada paquete con respecto a otros para asegurar la consistencia del sistema cuando tiene lugar una actualización. <p> Debian ha adoptado un gran conjunto de directrices y procedimientos para el empaquetamiento y la distribución de software para poder alcanzar y mantener altos estándares de calidad. Se producen herramientas, sistemas automáticos y documentación de cada uno de los aspectos claves de Debian de una forma abierta y visible para poder sostener estos estándares. </sect> <sect>Pronunciación de Debian <p> La pronunciación oficial de Debian es «deb i an». El nombre tiene su origen en los nombres del creador de Debian, Ian Murdock, y su esposa, Debra. </sect> </chapt> <chapt id="leaders">Líderes <p> Debian ha tenido varios líderes desde sus comienzos en el año 1993. <p> Ian Murdock fundó Debian en agosto de 1993 y lo condujo hasta marzo de 1996. <p> Bruce Perens condujo Debian desde abril de 1996 hasta diciembre de 1997. <p> Ian Jackson condujo Debian desde enero de 1998 hasta diciembre de 1998. <p> Wichert Akkerman condujo Debian desde enero de 1999 hasta marzo del 2001. <p> Ben Collins condujo Debian desde abril del 2001 hasta abril del 2002. <p> Bdale Garbee condujo Debian desde abril del 2002 hasta abril del 2003. <p> Martin Michlmayr fue elegido en marzo del 2003 y es el líder de proyecto en la actualidad. </chapt> <chapt id="releases">Publicaciones de Debian <p>Debian 0.01 hasta 0.90 (agosto-diciembre de 1993) <p> Debian 0.91 (enero de 1994): Esta publicación disponía de un sencillo sistema de empaquetamiento que permitía instalar y desinstalar paquetes. Varias docenas de personas formaban parte del proyecto en ese momento. <p> Debian 0.93R5 (marzo de 1995): En este momento se asignaron responsabilidades de cada paquete a cada uno de los desarrolladores, y se empezó a utilizar el administrador de paquetes (<prgn>dpkg</prgn>) para instalar los paquetes después de la instalación del sistema base. <p> Debian 0.93R6 (noviembre de 1995): Aparece <prgn>dselect</prgn>. Esta fue la última publicación de Debian que utilizaba el formato binario a.out. En este momento había cerca de 60 desarrolladores. Bdale Garbee construyó el primer servidor master.debian.org y HP lo alojó en paralelo con la publicación de 0.93R6. La utilización de un servidor maestro específico en el cual los desarrolladores de Debian podían construir cada publicación llevó directamente a la formación de una red de servidores espejos, e indirectamente al desarrollo de la mayoría de las directrices y procedimientos utilizados para manejar actualmente el proyecto. <!-- JFS: PENDIENTE DE REVISAR A PARTIR DE AQUÍ --> <p> La versión 1.0 nunca fue publicada: Accidentalmente Infomagic, un proveedor de CDs, lanzó una versión de desarrollo de Debian y la tituló como 1.0. El 11 de diciembre de 1995, Debian e Infomagic anunciaron conjuntamente que esta versión fue equívoca. Bruce Perens explica que la información colocada en 5 CDs de "Recurso para el Desarrollador de Linux Infomagic" de noviembre de 1995, como "Debian 1.0" no es la versión 1.0 de Debian, mas bien era una versión de desarrollo temprana que está solo parcialmente en formato ELF, que probablemente no iniciará o no se ejecutará correctamente, y no representará la calidad de un sistema Debian publicado. Para evitar la confusión entre la versión prematura de la versión en CD y la actual versión de Debian, el proyecto Debian renombró su siguiente versión a "Debian 1.1". La Debian 1.0 prematura en Cd está desaprobada y no debe ser usada. <p> Debian 1.1 <em>Buzz</em> (17 de junio de 1996): Esta fue la primera versión de Debian con un nombre en código. fue tomado, como todos los demás hasta ahora, de un personaje de la película <em>Toy Story</em>... en este caso, Buzz Lightyear. En esa ocasión, Bruce Perens tomó la dirección del proyecto desde Ian Murdock, y Bruce estaba trabajando en Pixar, la compaña que produce la película. Esta versión estaba completamente en formato ELF, usado en el kernel Linux 2.0, y contenía 474 paquetes. <p> Debian 1.2 <em>Rex</em> (12 de diciembre de 1996) Nombrada como el dinosaurio de plástico de la película. Esta versión consistió en 848 paquetes a cargo de 120 desarrolladores. <p> Debian 1.3 <em>Bo</em> (5 de junio de 1997): El nombre viene de Bo Peep, la pastora. Esta versión consistió en 974 paquetes a cargo de 200 desarrolladores. <p> Debian 2.0 <em>Hamm</em> (24 de julio de 1998): El nombre por el cerdito de la película. Esta fue la primera versión de Debian multiplataforma, con soporte para arquitecturas Motorola 68000 series. Con Ian Jackson como líder del proyecto, esta versión hace la transición a libc6, y consistió en mas de 1500 paquetes a cargo de mas de 400 desarrolladores. <p> Debian 2.1 <em>Slink</em> (9 de marzo de 1999): El nombre por el perrito de la película. Se agregaron dos arquitecturas más, <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/alpha/"; name="Alpha"> y <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/sparc/"; name="SPARC">. Con Wichert Akkerman como líder del proyecto, esta versión consistía en 2250 paquetes y requería 2 CDs en el paquete oficial. La clavé técnica de la innovación fue la introducción de <prgn>apt</prgn>, una nueva interfase para la administración de paquetes. Mundialmente usado, apt condujo las cuestiones resultantes del continuo crecimiento de Debian, y estableció un nuevo paradigma para la adquisición de paquetes y la instalación de sistemas operativos Open source. <p> <p>Debian 2.2 <em>Potato</em> (15 de agosto del 2000): El nombre por el «Mr Potato Head» de la película. Esta versión agregó soporte para las arquitecturas <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/powerpc/"; name="PowerPC"> y <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/"; name="ARM">. Con Wichert como líder del proyecto todavía, esta versión consistió en mas de 3900 paquetes binarios derivados de mas de 2600 paquetes fuentes a cargo de mas de 450 desarrolladores de Debian. <!-- (jfs) Is this too long? I do not see the number of binary/source packages in the release notes, also the number of DD could be revised --> <p> Debian 3.0 <em>woody</em> (19 de julio del 2002): El nombre por el personaje principal de la película: «woody» el vaquero. Aún mas arquitecturas fueron agregadas en esta versión: <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/ia64/"; name="IA-64">, <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/hppa/"; name="HP PA-RISC">, <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/mips/"; name="MIPS (big endian)">, <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/mipsel/"; name="MIPS (little endian)"> y <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/s390/"; name="S/390">. Esta es también la primera versión que incluye software criptográfico debido a las restricciones para la exportación que estaban siendo <em>iniciadas</em> en EEUU, y también la primera en incluir KDE, ahora que los problemas de licencia con QT fueron resueltas. Con Bdale Garbee recientemente designado como líder del proyecto, y mas de 900 desarrolladores de Debian, esta versión contenía alrededor de 8500 paquetes binarios y 7 CDs binarios en el paquete oficial </chapt> <chapt id="detailed">La historia detallada <sect>Las versiones 0.x <p> Debian la empezó Ian Murdock en agosto de 1993, en ese entonces un estudiante de la Universidad de Purdue. Por un año (desde noviembre de 1994 a noviembre de 1995), Debian fue patrocinada por el proyecto GNU de la <url id="http://www.fsf.org/"; name="Free Software Foundation">, la organización fundada por Richard Stallman y asociada con la Licencia Pública General (GPL). <p> Debian 0.01 hasta Debian 0.90 fue publicada entre agosto y diciembre de 1993. Ian Murdock escribió: <p> «Debian 0.91 fue publicada en enero de 1994. Tenía un primitivo sistema de empaquetamiento que permitía a los usuarios manipular paquetes pero que no hacía mucho más (ciertamente no tenía dependencias ni nada por el estilo). Hasta ese momento, habían unas pocas docenas de personas trabajando en Debian, aunque todavía estaba prácticamente ensamblando las distribuciones yo mismo. 0.91 fue la última versión terminada de esta manera.» <p> «La mayor parte de 1994 se pasó organizando el proyecto Debian mientras que otros podían contribuir mas efectivamente, por ejemplo trabajando en <prgn>dpkg</prgn> (Ian Jackson fue por mucho tiempo el responsable de este). No hubieron versiones publicadas en 1994 que yo recuerde, aunque hubieron varias versiones internas en las que trabajamos para hacer el proceso correcto.» <p> «Debian 0.93 Release 5 tuvo lugar en marzo de 1995 y fue la primera versión «moderna» de Debian: Esta tuvo muchos mas desarrolladores (aunque no recuerdo cuantos exactamente), cada uno a cargo de sus propios paquetes, y <prgn>dpkg</prgn> se usaba para instalar y mantener todos estos paquetes después de que el sistema base esté instalado.» <p> «Debian 0.93 Release 6 apareció en noviembre de 1995 y fue la última versión con a.out. Habían aproximadamente 60 desarrolladores responsables de paquetes en la versión 0.93R6. Si mal no recuerdo, dselect apareció por primera ves en la versión 0.93R6.» <p> Ian Murdock también apunta que Debian 0.93R6 «... siempre fue mi versión favorita de Debian», aunque él admite sobre la posibilidad de algún prejuicio personal, como el había parado de trabajar activamente en el proyecto en marzo de 1996 durante la preproducción de Debian 1.0, que fue publicada como Debian 1.1 para evitar confusiones después de que un fabricante de CDs llamara erróneamente a una versión no publicada como Debian 1.0. Ese incidente llevó al concepto de imágenes de CDROM «oficiales», como una forma de que el proyecto ayude a los vendedores a evitar este error. <p> Durante agosto de 1995 (entre Debian 0.93 Release 5 y Debian 0.93 Release 6), Hartmut Koptein inició la primera migración de Debian, para la familia Motorola m68k. El informa que «Muchos, muchos paquetes eran i386-centric (little endian, -m486, -O6 y todos para libc4) y ha sido muy duro conseguir en mi máquina una base de paquetes sobre los que comenzar(una Atari Medusa 68040, 32 MHz). Después de tres meses (en noviembre de 1995), descargué 200 paquetes de 250 paquetes disponibles, todos para libc5!» Luego comenzó otra migración junto con Vincent Renardias y Martin Schulze, para la familia PowerPC. <p> Desde aquel tiempo, el proyecto Debian estuvo creciendo para incluir varias <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/"; name="migraciones"> a otras arquitecturas, y otra migración al nuevo kernel (no linux), el microkernel GNU Hurd. <p> Un miembro del proyecto desde sus comienzos, Bill Mitchell, recuerda que el kernel Linux <p> «... estaba entre la 0.99r8 y la 0.99r15 cuando comenzamos. Por un largo tiempo, yo pude construir el kernel en menos de 30 minutos en una máquina basada en 386 con 20 MHz, y pude también hacerlo en una instalación Debian en la misma cantidad de tiempo con 10Mb de espacio en disco.» <p> « ... recuerdo al grupo inicial incluyendo a Ian Murdock, yo mismo, Ian Jackson, otro Ian que no recuerdo su apellido, Dan Quinlan, y alguna otra gente que no recuerdo sus nombres. Matt Welsh fue también parte del grupo inicial o se unió tempranamente (ha dejado el proyecto). Alguien instaló una lista de correo, y desde entonces empezamos a funcionar.» <p> « Según lo recuerdo, no comenzamos con un plan, tampoco comenzamos con cualquier plan. Comenzamos recogiendo fuentes para una colección de paquetes al azar. Con el tiempo, nos enfocamos en una colección de items que podrían ser requeridos en la distribución: el kernel, un shell, update, getty, varios programas más y ficheros de soporte necesarios para inicializar el sistema, y un conjunto de utilidades.» <sect1>El Primer sistema de Empaquetamiento de Debian <p> En las primeras faces del proyecto, los miembros consideraron la distribución de paquetes fuente solamente. Cada paquete consistiría en el código fuente principal más un parche «Debianizado», y los usuarios podrían descomprimir los fuentes, aplicar los parches, y compilar los binarios ellos mismos. Pronto comprendieron que algún esquema de distribución de binarios sería necesario. La primera herramienta de empaquetamiento, escrita por Ian Murdock y llamada <prgn>dpkg</prgn>, creaba un paquete binario en un formato específico de Debian, y podría ser usado luego para desempaquetar e instalar los ficheros del paquete. Ian Jackson pronto tomó el desarrollo de la herramienta de empaquetamiento, renombrando la herramienta a <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> y escribiendo una interfase que nombró <prgn>dpkg</prgn> para facilitar el uso de <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> y proveer las <em>Dependencias</em> y <em>Conflictos</em> del sistema Debian de hoy. Los paquetes producidos por estas herramientas tenían una cabecera que listaba la versión de la herramienta usada para crear el paquete y una sección dentro del paquete para un archivo producido por tar, que mediante cierta información de control se separaba de la cabezera. <p> En ese momento se levantó cierto debate entre los miembros del proyecto -- Algunos pensaron que el formato específico de Debian creado por <prgn>dpkg-deb</prgn> debía ser quitado a favor del formato producido por el programa <prgn>ar</prgn>. Después de varios formatos de archivo revisados y herramientas de empaquetamiento revisadas, el formato <prgn>ar</prgn> fue adoptado. La clave de este cambio es que este hace posible que un paquete Debian pueda ser desempaquetado en cualquier sistema Unix sin la necesidad de ejecutar un programa que no sea confiable. En otras palabras, solo herramientas estándares presentes en cada sistema Unix como 'ar' y 'tar' son requeridas para desempaquetar un paquete binario de Debian y examinar su contenido. </sect1> <sect>Las versiones 1.x <p> Cuando Ian Murdock dejó Debian, designó a Bruce Perens como el siguiente líder del proyecto. Bruce se interesó por primera ves en Debian cuando estaba intentando crear una distribución Linux en CD para ser llamada «Linux for Hams», la cual incluiría software Linux útil para radioaficionados. Dándose cuenta de que el sistema Debian básico requeriría de mucho mas trabajo para soportar su proyecto, Bruce acabó por trabajar en el sistema Linux base y herramientas de instalación relacionadas, posponiendo su distribución para radioaficionados, incluyendo la organización (con Ian Murdock) del primer conjunto de scripts de instalación de Debian, que hoy en día resultó en el disquete de rescate de Debian (Debian Rescue Floppy). <p> Ian Murdock afirma: <p> «Bruce era la elección natural para relevarme, pues yo había mantenido el sistema base por casi un año, había estado llevando al máximo la capacidad del proyecto conforme mi disponibilidad de tiempo para dedicar a Debian decrecía rápidamente». <p> Inicializó varias facetas importantes del proyecto, incluyendo la coordinación de esfuerzos para producir las directrices de Software Libre de Debian y el Contrato Social de Debian, así también la puesta en marcha de «The Open Hardware Project». Durante su tiempo como líder del proyecto, Debian había ganado cuota de mercado y una reputación de plataforma para usuarios serios y técnicamente capaces. <p> Bruce Perens también encabezó los esfuerzos para crear <url id="http://www.spi-inc.org/"; name="Software in the Public Interest, Inc.">. Originalmente con el objetivo de proveer al proyecto Debian una entidad legal capaz de aceptar donaciones, sus finalidades se expandieron rápidamente para incluir soporte para proyectos de software libre fuera del proyecto Debian. <p> Durante ese tiempo se publicaron las siguientes versiones de Debian: <p> <list> <item>1.1 <em>Buzz</em> publicada en junio de 1996 (474 paquetes, kernel 2.0, completamente ELF, <prgn>dpkg</prgn>) <item>1.2 <em>Rex</em> publicada en diciembre de 1996 (848 paquetes, 120 desarrolladores) <item>1.3 <em>Bo</em> publicada en julio de 1997 (974 paquetes, 200 desarrolladores) </list> <p> Hubieron varias versiones intermedias «puntuales» hechas a la 1.3, siendo la última la 1.3.1R6. <p> Bruce Perens fue relevado por Ian Jackson como Líder del proyecto Debian en los comienzos de enero de 1998, después de llevar el proyecto durante buena parte de la preparación de la publicación de la 2.0. </sect> <sect>Las versiones 2.x <p> Ian Jackson se convirtió en el líder del proyecto Debian a comienzos de 1998, y poco después se le añadió al organigrama de Software in the Public Interest en calidad de Vicepresidente. Después de la dimisión del tesorero (Tim Sailer), Presidente (Bruce Perens), y Secretario (Ian Murdock), se convirtió en el Presidente del Consejo y se eligieron los tres nuevos miembros: Martin Schulze (Vicepresidente), Dale Scheetz (Secretario), y Nils Lohner (Tesorero). <p> Debian 2.0 (<em>Hamm</em>) se publicó en julio de 1998 para las arquitecturas Intel i386 y la serie Motorola 68000. Este versión marcó el traslado hacia una nueva versión de las bibliotecas de C del sistema (libc6, basadas en glibc2). En el momento de la publicación, había más de 1500 paquetes mantenidos por más de 400 desarrolladores de Debian. <p> Wichert Akkerman relevó a Ian Jackson como líder del proyecto Debian en enero de 1999. <url id="http://www.debian.org/releases/slink/"; name="Debian 2.1"> fue <url id="http://www.debian.org/News/1999/19990309"; name="publicada"> el 9 de marzo de 1999, después un retraso de una semana al surgir complicaciones de última hora. <p> Debian 2.1 (<em>Slink</em>) presentaba soporte oficial para dos nuevas arquitecturas: <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/alpha/"; name="Alpha"> y <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/sparc/"; name="Sparc">. Los paquetes de las X-Windows incluidos con Debian 2.1 se reorganizaron en gran medida con respecto a versiones anteriores, y 2.1 incluía <prgn>apt</prgn>, la nueva generación de la interfase para el gestor de paquetes de Debian. Además, esta versión de Debian fue la primera en requerir 2 CD-ROMs para el «Official Debian CD set»; la distribución incluía aproximadamente 2250 paquetes. <p> El 21 de abril de 1999, <url id="http://www.corel.com/"; name="Corel Corporation"> y el <url id="http://www.kde.org/"; name="K Desktop Project"> formaron efectivamente una alianza con Debian cuando Corel anunció sus intenciones de publicar una distribución Linux basada en Debian y en el entorno de escritorio producido por el grupo KDE. Durante los siguientes meses de primavera y verano, apareció otra distribución basada en Debian, Storm Linux, y el proyecto Debian eligió un nuevo <url id="http://www.debian.org/logos/"; name="logotipo">, con la particularidad de disponer de una versión oficial, para materiales aprobados por Debian, como sitios Web del proyecto y CD-ROMs oficiales, y un logotipo no oficial para su uso en materiales que mencionen o deriven de Debian. <p> Una nueva y única adaptación comenzó también en ese momento para el núcleo <url id="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/"; name="Hurd">. Esta es la primera adaptación que usa un núcleo distinto a Linux, y en su lugar usa <url id="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd.html"; name="GNU Hurd">, una versión basada en el microkernel GNU Mach. <!-- (jfs) talk about Progeny? and other Debian-derived distributions like Libranet, Stormix... ?--> <p> Debian 2.2 (<em>potato</em>) se publicó el 15 de agosto del 2000 para las arquitecturas Intel i386, las series Motorola 68000, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC, y ARM. Es la primera versión en incluir las arquitecturas PowerPC y ARM. Al momento de la publicación, había más de 3900 paquetes binarios y más de 2600 paquetes fuente mantenidos por más de 450 desarrolladores de Debian. <p>Un hecho interesante acerca de Debian 2.2 es que él mostró cómo un esfuerzo de software libre podría llevar a un moderno sistema operativo a pesar de todas las cuestiones al rededor de él. Esto fue completamente estudiado por un grupo de interés en un artículo llamado <url id="http://people.debian.org/~jgb/debian-counting/"; name="Counting potatoes"> citado a continuación: <p><em> "[...] usamos el sistema sloccount de David A. Wheeler para determinar el número de líneas de código fuente (SLOC) físicas de Debian 2.2 (aka potato). Mostramos que Debian 2.2 incluye mas de 55,000,000 SLOC físico (casi dos veces más que Red Hat 7.1, publicado aproximadamente 8 meses después), mostrando que el modelo de desarrollo de Debian (basado en el trabajo de un gran grupo de voluntarios desarrolladores al rededor del mundo) es tan capaz como otros métodos de desarrollo [...] esto también muestra que si Debian se hubiese desarrollado usando métodos tradicionales propietarios, el modelo COCOMO estima que su costo podría cerrarse en $1.9 billones de dólares para desarrollar Debian 2.2. Además, ofrecemos un análisis de lenguajes de programación usados en la distribución (C tiene cerca del 70%, C++ cerca del 10%, LISP y Shell están cerca del 5%, con muchos otros que siguen), y los paquetes más grandes (Mozilla, el kernel Linux, PM3, XFree86, etc.)"</em> </sect> <sect>Las versiones 3.x <p>Antes de que woody puediera comenzar a ser preparada para ser publicada, hubo que hacer un cambio en el sistema del archivo en ftp-master. Los almacenes de paquetes, que permitieron que distribuciones de propósito especial como la nueva distribución «pruebas» pudieran ser usadas por primera vez para conseguir que woody estuviera lista para su publicación, fueron <url id="http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce-0012/msg00004.html"; name="activatadas en ftp-master"> a mediados de Deciembre del 2000. Un almacén de paquetes es simplemente una colección de diferentes versiones de un paquete determinado, desde la cuál multiples distribuciones (actualmente experimental, «inestable», «pruebas», y «estable») pueden tomar paquetes, que luego son incluidos en el archivo Packages de dicha distribución. <p>Al mismo tiempo una nueva distribución fué <em>«pruebas»</em> incluida. Principalmente, paquetes de «inestable» considerados estables transladados a «pruebas» (después de un periodo de algunas semenas). Esto fué introducido para reducir el tiempo de estabilización y darle al proyecto la habilidad de preparar una nueva publicación en cualquier momento. <p>En ese período, algunas de las compañías que estaban entregando versiones modificadas de Debian cerraron. Corel vendió su división de Linux en el primer cuarteto de 2001, Stormix se declaró en bancarrota el 17 de enero de 2001, y Progeny detuvo el desarrollo de su distribución el 01 de octubre de 2001. <p>La estabilización para la siguiente publicación comenzó el 01 de julio de 2001. Aún asi, le tomó al proyecto un poco más de un año publicar la nueva versión, debido a <url id="http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce-0104/msg00004.html"; name="problemas en los diskettes de inicio">, debido a la inclusión de programas de cifrado en el archivo principal y a cambios en la estructura subyacente (el archivo de paquetes entrantes y la arquitectura de seguridad). En ese tiempo, la publicación estable (Debian 2.2) fué revisada hasta siete veces, y dos líderes del proyecto fueron elegidos: Ben Collins (en 2001) y Bdale Garbee. Asi también, el trabajo en muchas áreas de Debian mas allá de la creación de paquetes continuó creciendo, incluyendo la internacionalización, el sitio web de Debian (más de mil páginas) fué traducido a más de 20 lenguajes diferentes, y la instalación de la próxima versión estaba lista para 23 idiomas. Se iniciaron dos proyectos internos: Debian Junior (para niños) y Debian Med (para la práctica y la investigación médica) durante el proceso de publicación de woody otorgando al proyecto diferentes enfoques que hacen a Debian adecuado para esas tareas. <p>El trabajo en Debian no impidió a los desarrolladores organizar una reunión anual denominada <em>Debconf</em>. La primera conferencia se realizó del 1 al 5 de julio junto con Libre Software Meeting (LSM) en Bordeaux (Francia) reuniendo a 40 desarrolladores. La segunda conferencia tuvo lugar en Toronto (Canada) el 5 de julio de 2002 con mas de 80 participantes. <p>Debian 3.0 (<em>woody</em>) fué publicada el 19 de julio de 2002 para las arquitecturas Intel i386, Motorola 68000 series, alpha, SUN Sparc, PowerPC, ARM, HP PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) e IBM s/390. Esta fué la primera versión en incluir los las adaptaciones a las arquitecturas HP PA-RISC, IA-64, MIPS, MIPS (DEC) e IBM s/390. Al momento de la publicación, existían cerca de 8500 paquetes binarios desarrollados por mas de mil desarrolladores de Debian, convirtiéndose en la primera versión en ser publicada en formato DVD además de los ya acostumbrados CD-ROMs. <!-- (jfs) # of source packages? : ~$ grep ^Source /var/lib/dpkg/available | sort -u | wc -l 1442 ???? --> <!-- <p>Debian 3.1 (<em>sarge</em>) was released XXX Mention gcc-3.2 transition. glibc 2.3 x 4.2? 4.3? gnome 2 kde 3 ..> --> <!--(jfs) NOTE: Xandros is up and running http://www.xandros.com/ and so is Lindows http://www.lindows.com/--> </sect> <sect>Hechos Importantes <sect1>Julio de 2000: Muere Joel Klecker <p> El 11 de julio de 2000, Joel Klecker, quien era también conocido como Espy, falleció a la edad de 21 años. Ninguno de los que vieron el apodo 'Espy' en #mklinux ó en las listas y canales de Debian llegó a pensar jamás que detrás de ese apodo existía un joven sufriendo la <url id="http://mdausa.org/disease/dmd.html"; name="Distrofia muscular de Duchenne">. Mucha gente solo lo conoció como 'el tipo de la biblioteca glib y la powerpc en Debian' y nunca tuvo idea de las cosas terribles contra las que Joel luchó. A pesar de su discapacidad física, él compartió su brillante mente con otros. <p> Joel Klecker (conocido también como Espy) no será olvidado. </sect1> <sect1>Octubre de 2000: Implementación de los almacenes de paquetes <p> James Troup <url id="http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce-0010/msg00007.html"; name="reportó"> que había estado trabajando en la reimplementación de las herramientas de mantenimiento de los archivos y migrando al nuevo sistema de almacenes de paquetes. A partir de esta fecha, los ficheros son almacenados en un directorio llamado como el paquete fuente correspondiente dentro del directorio de los almacenes. Los directorios de distribuciones solo contendrán ficheros <em>Packages</em> los que a su vez contienen referencias al almacén. Esto simplifica la sobreposición de «pruebas» y «inestable». El archivo también está siendo administrado con bases de datos PostgreSQL las que agilizan las consultas. </sect1> <sect1>Marzo de 2001: Muere Christopher Rutter <p> El 01 de Marzo de 2001, Christopher Matthew Rutter (también conocido como cmr) murió al ser atropellado por un automóvil a la edad de 19. Christopher era un miembro joven y bastante conocido del proyecto Debian ayudando en la adaptación a la arquitectura ARM. <p>Chris Rutter no será olvidado. </sect1> <sect1>Marzo de 2001: Muere Fabrizio Polacco <p> El 28 de Marzo de 2001, Fabrizio Polacco falleció después de una larga enfermedad. El proyecto Debian hace mensión a su buen trabajo y gran dedicación a Debian y al software libre. Las contribuciones de Fabrizio no serán olvidadas, y otros desarrolladores continuarán con su trabajo. <p> Fabrizio Polacco no será olvidado. </sect1> <sect1>Julio de 2002: Muere Martin Butterweck <p> El 21 de Julio de 2002, Martin Butterweck (también conocido como blendi) falleció luego de luchar contra la leuzemia. Martin era un joven miembro del proyecto quien recientemente se había unido a Debian. <p> Martin Butterweck no será olvidado. </sect1> <sect1>Noviembre de 2002: El fuego destruye un servidor de Debian <p> Alrededor de las 08:00 CET el 20 de noviembre del 2002, el <em>Network Operations Center (NOC)</em> de la Universidad de Twente se incendió. El edificio se destruyó por completo. Los bomberos habían dejado de lado las esperanzas de proteger el área de servidores. Entre otras cosas el centro hospedaba satie.debian.org que contenía tanto el archivo de seguridad y <em>non-US</em> así como las bases de datos de <em>new-maintainer (nm)</em> y control de calidad (qa). Debian reconstruyó estos servicios en el servidor klecker, que había sido recientemente transladado de EE.UU. a los Paises Bajos. </sect1> <sect1>Mayo de 2004: Mueren Manuel Estrada Sainz y Andrés García <p> El 9 de Mayo del 2004, Manuel Estrada Sainz (ranty) y Andrés García (ErConde) fallecen en un trágico accidente automovilístico cuando retornaba de la conferencia de software libre que tuvo lugar en Valencia, España. <p> Manuel Estrada Sainz y Andrés García no serán olvidados. </sect1> </sect> <sect>¿Qué sigue? <p> El proyecto Debian continúa trabajando en la distribución <em>«inestable»</em> (que lleva el nombre clave <em>sid</em>, en honor el malvado e "inestable" niño que es el vecino de Andy en la película <em>Toy Story</em> (quien jamás debería salir de casa). Sid es el nombre permanente para la distribución inestable y siempre se encuentra 'Still In Development' (aún en desarrollo). La mayoría de los paquetes nuevos ó las actualizaciones son cargadas en esta distribución. <p> La distribución <em>«pruebas»</em> está pensada para convertirse en la siguiente publicación <em>«estable»</em> y en la actualidad lleva el nombe clave <em>sarge</em>. <p> Para sarge, Debian está trabajando en un nuevo marco para instalaciones llamado <em>debian-installer</em>, la nueva Glibc 2.3 y el nuevo GNU GCC 3.2. </sect> </chapt> <appendix id="manifesto">El manifiesto de Debian Linux <p> Escrito por Ian A. Murdock, Revisado 01/06/94 <sect>¿Qué es Debian Linux? <p> Debian Linux es una distribución de Linux completamente nueva. En vez de estar desarrollada por un individuo aislado o un grupo, como se han desarrollado otras distribuciones de Linux en el pasado, Debian se desarrolla abiertamente en el espíritu de Linux y GNU. El propósito principal del proyecto Debian es acabar creando una distribución que esté a la altura del nombre de Linux. Debian se están ensamblando con cuidado y a conciencia, y se le dará apoyo y mantenimiento con una atención similar. <p> Es también un intento por crear una distribución no comercial que será capaz de competir efectivamente en el mercado comercial. Será distribuida, llegado el caso, por la Free Software Foundation en CD-ROM, y la Debian Linux Association ofrecerá la distribución en disquetes y cinta junto con los manuales impresos, el soporte técnico y otras cuestiones igualmente importantes para el usuario final. Todo lo anterior estará disponible por poco más que el coste original, y esa pequeña diferencia se destinará al más amplio desarrollo de software libre para todos los usuarios. Tal distribución es esencial para el éxito del sistema operativo Linux en el mercado comercial, y debe hacerse por parte de organizaciones en situación de avanzar con éxito y abogar por el software libre sin la presión de los beneficios o los ingresos. </sect> <sect>¿Por qué se está elaborando Debian? <p> Las distribuciones son esenciales para el futuro de Linux. En esencia, le eliminan al usuario la necesidad de buscar, obtener, compilar, instalar e integrar correctamente gran número de herramientas esenciales para conseguir un sistema Linux en funcionamiento. En su lugar, la carga de construir el sistema recae sobre el creador de la distribución, y muchos usuarios continuarán usando una distribución por pura conveniencia incluso después de haberse familiarizado con el sistema operativo. De esta manera, las distribuciones juegan un papel realmente importante. <p> A pesar de su obvia importancia, las distribuciones han atraído poco la atención de los desarrolladores. Existe una sencilla razón para ello: no son ni fáciles ni fascinantes de construir, y requieren gran cantidad de esfuerzo continuado por parte de su creador con el fin de mantener la distribución libre de errores y además actualizada. Una cosa es ensamblar un sistema empezando desde cero, y otra muy distinta asegurarse de que otros lo instalen fácilmente, se pueda instalar y utilizar en gran variedad de configuraciones de hardware, contenga programas que otros vayan a considerar útiles, y se actualice cuando los componentes mismos experimenten mejoras. <p> Muchas distribuciones han empezado como sistemas bastante buenos, pero conforme va pasando el tiempo el mantenimiento de la distribución se convierte en una prioridad secundaria. Un caso que viene a cuento es el de Softlanding Linux System (más conocida como SLS). Es bastante posible que sea la distribución de Linux más plagada de errores y peor mantenida; por desgracia, también es la más generalizada. Sin lugar a dudas, es la distribución que atrae la mayor parte de la atención de los muchos «distribuidores» comerciales de Linux que han surgido para capitalizar la creciente popularidad del sistema operativo. <p> Se trata verdaderamente de una mala combinación, pues la mayoría de personas que obtienen Linux de estos distribuidores reciben una distribución de Linux plagada de errores y deficientemente mantenida. Como si esto no fuera ya bastante malo, estos «distribuidores» tienen una alarmante tendencia a publicitar engañosamente características no funcionales, o incluso extremadamente inestables, de su producto. Combínese esto con el hecho de que los compradores esperan que el producto esté a la altura de su publicidad, y que muchos creen que se trata de un sistema operativo comercial (hay también una tendencia a no mencionar que Linux es libre y gratuito y que se distribuye bajo los términos de la licencia pública general de GNU). <p> Para acabar de rematarlo, estos «distribuidores» están en realidad consiguiendo suficientes beneficios de su esfuerzo para justificar la compra de anuncios mayores en más revistas; es el clásico ejemplo de un comportamiento inaceptable recompensado por aquellos que simplemente no conocen nada mejor. Evidentemente hay que hacer algo para remediar la situación. </sect> <sect>¿De qué manera intentará Debian poner fin a estos problemas? <p> El diseño de Debian es lo bastante abierto para asegurar que el sistema tiene la más alta calidad y que refleja las necesidades de la comunidad de usuarios. Al implicar a otras personas de diversas capacidades y bagajes, Debian puede desarrollarse de forma modular. Sus componentes son de alta calidad porque a los que tienen experiencia en cierta área se les da la oportunidad de construir o mantener los componentes individuales de Debian que implica dicha área. Implicar a otros asegura además que a la distribución pueden incorporarse valiosas contribuciones durante su desarrollo; de esta manera, se crea una distribución basada en las necesidades y deseos de los usuarios, en vez de las necesidades y deseos del constructor. Es muy difícil para un pequeño grupo anticiparse a estas necesidades y deseos por anticipado sin las aportaciones directas de otros. <p> Debian Linux también será distribuida en un soporte físico por la Free Software Foundation y la Debian Linux Association. Esto proporcionará Debian a los usuarios sin acceso a Internet o FTP, y además hace que productos y servicios tales como manuales impresos y soporte técnico estén a disposición de todos los usuarios del sistema. De esta manera, Debian puede usarse por parte de muchos más individuos y organizaciones que lo que sería posible en otro caso; la prioridad estará en proporcionar un producto de primera fila y no en los beneficios o los ingresos, y el margen de los productos o los servicios puede usarse para mejorar el software en sí para todos los usuarios, hayan pagado por su Debian o no. <p> La Free Software Foundation juega un papel extremadamente importante en el futuro de Debian. Por el simple hecho de distribuirla, se envía al mundo el mensaje de que Linux no es un producto comercial y que nunca lo será, pero ello no quiere decir que Linux no sea nunca capaz de competir comercialmente. Para aquellos que disientan, les reto a que expliquen racionalmente el éxito de GNU Emacs y de GCC, que no son software comercial pero que han tenido bastante impacto sobre el mercado comercial con independencia de ese hecho. <p> Ha llegado el tiempo de concentrarse en el futuro de Linux más que en el destructivo objetivo de enriquecerse a expensas de la entera comunidad de Linux y de su futuro. El desarrollo y distribución de Debian puede no ser la respuesta a los problemas que he apuntado en este Manifiesto, pero espero que al menos atraiga suficiente atención sobre estos problemas para permitir resolverlos. </sect> </appendix> </book>
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