I reran an install but this time when I remounted the
@ and @home subvolumes I only used the default, compress=zstd, and subvol= options.
This time it worked. After booting successfully, I edited fstab to add in noatime and it still worked. At this point. it still could be the discard or ssd options.
I'd look at what has changed in this area since Debian 11.